Islamic Architecture by Dxx : building analysis

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Building Analysis - Al Jame'e Al Kabeer | Qirawan

Name of Building : Al Jame'e Al Kabeer | Qirawan
Architect : Rebulit several times but goes back to ʿUqbah ibn Nāfiʿ, a Companion of
the Prophet and the conqueror of North Africa
Location :  Qirawan, Tunisia
Year of construction :  670
Materials : Stone, Marble.
Building Type : Mosque.
Distinguished Features:

One of the oldest mosques in existence and the first of all mosques in the Maghreb.
Masterly use of space
Flat roof supported by arcades
Vast Courtyard
Three stepped imposing minaret.

Basic Outline Geometry : Rectangle.
Dimensions : 135meters x 80meters

The Art of the Mosque :

Magnificent tiles and marble covered the lower part, particularly the qibla wall and the mihrab.
Four massive arches support a carefully delineated square; an octagonal arcade on small columns, with four shell-like squinches and four blind arches of similar profile, effects the transition to the base of the dome;
above, a drum with eight windows and sixteen blind niches precedes a cornice and the ribbed stone dome itself .
All the empty areas, such as the spandrels of the four lower arches and the transitional arcade, are covered with designs of architectural origin.
The outside of the dome is similarly divided into three, but an outer square corresponds to an inner octagon, and an octagon to the twenty-four-sided area.

Aerial View of the Mosque 1

The foundation of the great mosque of Kairouan goes back to ʿUqbah ibn Nāfiʿ, a Companion of the Prophet and the conqueror of North Africa, and it is therefore one of the oldest mosques in existence and the first of all the mosques in the Maghrib, the Muslim West.

Dimensions of the Mosque

Several times rebuilt, its present form is no earlier than 836 A.D., but the very sobriety of its style, linked to a masterly use of space, is evocative of the first lightning expan sion of Islam. The very extensive prayer-hall, with a flat roof supported by arcades, opens out on to a vast courtyard as if to welcome an entire host of fighters for the faith.

This courtyard extends lengthwise along the axis of the miḥrāb, and this axis is strongly emphasized on one side by the central nave of the oratory, which is constructed at a higher level and adorned with a dome at each end, and on the other side by the imposing minaret, a kind of three-stepped donjon, which is perhaps the most ancient of all surviving minarets.

The Courtyard and the Mihrab Axis

The Location of the Minaret

The arcades of the prayer-hall are arrayed in depth and not parallel to the wall of the qiblah as they are in the Umayyad mosque of Damascus. But their progress is interrupted at various points by arcades which cut frontally across them.

How ever, one span which is broader than the others along the wall of the qiblah comes together with the central nave in the shape of a letter T, and this was to be typical of mosques of this family, and answers, moreover, to the requirements of the liturgy.

Seen from above, an assembly of worshippers at prayer in an open space has the shape of a bird with outspread wings; the bird’s head is the imām who leads the prayers; and the first ranks behind him, which extend most broadly—there being a certain merit in praying directly behind the imām—are the quill-feathers of its wings, whose contours then retract gradually in the direction of the tail formed by the late arrivals, who group themselves along the axis of the miḥrāb. This shape fits easily into the plan of the oratory.

wall of the qiblah comes together with the central nave in the shape of a letter T

The Location of the Dome on the floor plan
* Plan according to Ewert

Kairouan is situated in a great plain, and the vast courtyard of the mosque reflects the natural surroundings. The oratory’s flat roofs and the porticos surrounding the courtyard, as well as the domes and the heavy enclosing walls, are whitened with lime, and this itself, although it is only on the surface and is not very durable, does contribute greatly to the appearance of the sanctuary which the white light falling from the sky envelops with a peace that is both sepulchral and serene.

Inside the mosque, the whiteness of the walls is made mellow by the spreading of honey- colored mats. Large, conically-tiered chandeliers are hung between the arcades. These are reminiscent of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus and, beyond that, of Byzantine architecture, but already suggest typical Maghribī art, far removed from Rome in their supple outlines.

The Mihrab of the great Mosque of Kairouan is one of the most ancient known. It dates from 862-863 A.D. and has the shape of a perfectly concave niche, flanked by two columns, which support a projecting arch. This arch and the surrounding wall are liberally adorned in ceramic tiles embellished with metallic glaze.

The walls of the niche are covered with sculptured marble panels forming a trellis beyond which the presence of the background wall can be felt; for pilgrims visiting this famous mosque, this decoration onceals the original miḥrāb before which ʿUqbah ibn Nāfiʿ, the venerated Companion of the Prophet, used to pray.

Aerial View of the Mosque 2

Floor Plan of the Mosque

Qirawan Mosque Minaret

Dome Interior of the Mosque

The Mihrab of the Qirawan Mosque

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Kufi (Style of arabic font) Inscription on the Columns.
لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله "La Ilaha IllAllah Muhammadur Rasulullah

References :
Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250
Book by Oleg Grabar and Richard Ettinghausen
Language: English

Art of Islam. Language and Meaning (Architecture Decorations Weapons etc)
Language and Meaning commemorative Edition

Get the Book on Amazon:

Building Analysis - The Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum

Name of Building : The Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum
Architect : Jean Nouvel
Location : Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Year of construction : 2013
Materials : Stone, Steel and Glass.
Building Type : Museum
Distinguished Feature : A double dome | (180 meters) in diameter, perforated with interlaced patterns filtering light through (Rain of light).
Basic Outline Geometry : Regular rectangular elements with a large dome overlapping.
Dimensions : Area | 63 000 m²

"Jean Nouvel has designed a complex of buildings with level and harmonious proportions embraced bythe sea. Freely inspired by buried cities and a prototypical Oriental city, a large part of the museum complex is sheltered under the comfort of this shadow. This "medina" of rooms balances urban features and geometry like a city neighborhood, with some thirty buildings visible along a promenade. Rising up to heights of 4-12 m, they each feature a different façade decorated with a variety of piercings, combining unique transitions and passages. The museum city creates a space that plays with the multiple connections between indoor and outdoor, ever-changing and poetic, to kindle curiosity and invite visitors to explore new routes and pathways, guided by the light.

Inspired by the ancient falaj system of Arab engineering, a water channel runs through the museum, making the space into a refreshing oasis that encourages strolling along the water. Passive design techniques take advantage of the natural shape of the buildings and the properties of the materials selected to improve outdoor conditions. The museum's roof is perforated to capture daylight without etting in too much sun; light-reflecting materials in pale colors are used in construction to send heat back rather than absorbing it; reduced-flow plumbing and water facilities were selected to reduce the building's demand for drinkable water. "
- Hall Napoléon (Louvre Abu Dhabi Context, architectural design, and ambition)